The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000

The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000

Authors

Keywords:

Environmentalism, ecology, environmental policy, “green” movements, environmental culture

Abstract

This article presents a retrospective analysis of formation and development of environmental policy and formation of
environmentalist (“green”) political movements in Japan, France and the United States in the period from 1950 to 2000. The results
of the study show that despite various prerequisites in the form of the socio-economic situation of countries by 1950 and regardless
of the traditions of ecological culture, which was formed under the influence of various factors (geographical location, natural
resource potential, historical experience, etc.), the development of ecological policy in these countries took place in three stages
according to a similar logic. The first stage is the awareness of the need for environmental protection, the understanding of their
“ecological tradition” and the emergence of the first political green movements. The second stage is associated with a political
crisis, which occurs due to the fact that the deterioration of the environmental situation is happening faster than the legislative
apparatus of the state has time to pass environmental laws and support “green” initiatives. Also, at this stage, it is necessary to note
the popularization of the ideas of environmentalism among the general public, which results in an increase in the number of both
the “green” socio-political movements themselves and the number of their participants. At the third stage, the environmental
activities of states begin to satisfy the “green” socio-political movements, which is why the level of protest decreases, and
international treaties on environmental protection are adopted and ratified. For these reasons, at the third stage, there is a reduction
in the number of participants in the “green” movements. In conclusion, an assumption is made that the identified stages are also
valid for other societies.

Author Biography

Nikolai S. Skipin, INION RAN

Research Fellow, INION RAN, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Published

2023-10-30

How to Cite

The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000. (2023). Public Administration. E-Journal (Russia), 98, 138-150. https://spajournal.ru/index.php/spa/article/view/33

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How to Cite

The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000. (2023). Public Administration. E-Journal (Russia), 98, 138-150. https://spajournal.ru/index.php/spa/article/view/33

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