Этнополитическая стабильность, форма правления и территориальное устройство государства: особенности и механизмы взаимосвязи

Abstract

Political leaders are facing today the question of how to combine an ethnic diversity and regional differences inherent to the majority
of modern states with assuring their territorial integrity. One of the tools for solving this problem is the use of ethno-federalism —
the organization of the state’s territorial structure on the base of ethnic principle. The consequences of using this principle are
quite controversial, but the elites of culturally heterogeneous states are inclined now to use it in one form or another. An important
impact on harmonizing interethnic relations has also the choice of one or another form of government (parliamentary, presidential,
mixed). The article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Supporters of presidentialism claim that only a
strong presidential power can assure stability in a culturally complex society. However, the government within this system is not
a coalition, which reduces the chances of various ethnic communities being represented in it. The parliamentary system provides
more possibilities for the participation of ethnic, religious and linguistic groups in the exercise of power. However, such a situation
threatens to divide society into competing ethno-cultural communities. In general, it should be concluded that the relationship
between the territorial structure of the state, forms of government and opportunities for harmonizing interethnic relations is
complex, non-linear. At the same time, it can be argued that under any circumstances, the activities of effectively functioning
democratic institutions — regular and fair elections, separation of powers — is a necessary condition for ensuring ethno-political
stability in culturally heterogeneous societies.