The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000

The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000

Authors

Keywords:

Environmentalism, ecology, environmental policy, “green” movements, environmental culture

Abstract

This article presents a retrospective analysis of formation and development of environmental policy and formation of
environmentalist (“green”) political movements in Japan, France and the United States in the period from 1950 to 2000. The results
of the study show that despite various prerequisites in the form of the socio-economic situation of countries by 1950 and regardless
of the traditions of ecological culture, which was formed under the influence of various factors (geographical location, natural
resource potential, historical experience, etc.), the development of ecological policy in these countries took place in three stages
according to a similar logic. The first stage is the awareness of the need for environmental protection, the understanding of their
“ecological tradition” and the emergence of the first political green movements. The second stage is associated with a political
crisis, which occurs due to the fact that the deterioration of the environmental situation is happening faster than the legislative
apparatus of the state has time to pass environmental laws and support “green” initiatives. Also, at this stage, it is necessary to note
the popularization of the ideas of environmentalism among the general public, which results in an increase in the number of both
the “green” socio-political movements themselves and the number of their participants. At the third stage, the environmental
activities of states begin to satisfy the “green” socio-political movements, which is why the level of protest decreases, and
international treaties on environmental protection are adopted and ratified. For these reasons, at the third stage, there is a reduction
in the number of participants in the “green” movements. In conclusion, an assumption is made that the identified stages are also
valid for other societies.

Author Biography

Nikolai S. Skipin, INION RAN

Research Fellow, INION RAN, Moscow, Russian Federation

References

Данилова В.И. История становления концепции экологической безопасности Японии // Вестник МГИМО Университета. 2015. № 3(42). С. 51–59.

Демчук А.Л. Управление современными экологическими конфликтами в США и Канаде // США и Канада: экономика, политика, культура. 2020а. Т. 50. № 5. С. 100–112. DOI: 10.31857/S268667300009433-6

Демчук А.Л. Экологические конфликты в современной политике: теоретические основы и национальные модели. М: Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова Издательский Дом, 2020b.

Минат В.Н., Соколов А.С. Вторая мировая война — главная антикризисная мера развития американского капитализма (1929–1949 гг.) // Свободная мысль. 2020. № 3(1681). С. 63–76.

Ровинская Т.Л. История «зеленого движения» в США: опора на гражданское общество // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2017. Т. 61. № 11. С. 43–56. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-11-43-56

Ровинская Т.Л. Становление государственной экологической политики в США под влиянием «зеленых» (XIX–ХХ вв.) // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2018а. Т. 62. № 6. С. 86–92. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-6-86-92

Ровинская Т.Л. Экологическая политика в США конца ХХ – начала XXI в.: новые вызовы // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2018b. Т. 62. № 7. С. 72–82. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-7-72-82

Сорокин С.А. История урбанизации Японии // Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2014. № 11–12. С. 6–11.

Тихоцкая И.С. Экологические проблемы в Японии: между прошлым и будущим // Японские исследования. 2016. № 1. С. 59–71.

Яницкий О.Н. Экологическое мышление эпохи «великого передела». М.: РОССПЭН, 2008.

Bosso Ch., Guber D. Maintaining Presence: Environmental Advocacy and the Permanent Campaign’ // Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century / ed. by N.J. Vig, M.E. Kraft, B.G. Rabe. Los Angeles, London: Sage, 2006. P. 78–99.

Cans R. Petite histoire du mouvement écolo en France. Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé, 2006.

Isenberg A. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Nomura Y. History, Structure and Characteristics of Japan’s Environment Law // Development and the Environment: The Experiences of Japan and Industrializing Asia / ed. by K. Reeitsu, N. Yoshihiro, F. Shigeaki, S. Naoyuki. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, 1995. P. 128–157.

Patterson J.T. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Rothenberg L.S. National Political Influences on Environmental Policy // Environmental Choices: Policy Responses to Green Demands. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2002. P. 62–101. DOI: 10.4135/9781483345208

まさの あつこ. 四大公害病:高度経済成長期の負の遺産. 東京: 中央公論新社, 2013. (Ацуко М. Четыре заболевания, вызванных загрязнением окружающей среды: болезнь Минамата, болезнь Минамата в Нииагата, болезнь итай-итай и вызванная загрязнением окружающей среды в Ёккаити. Токио: Изд-во Чуокоронь-Шинша, 2013).

田中琢, 佐原真. 考古学の散歩道 1–2巻、東京: 岩波書店〈岩波新書, 新赤版, 1993. (Танака Т., Сахара М. Археологическая прогулка, Т. 1–2. Токио: Изд-во Иванами Сётэн, Иванами Шиншо, Новое красное издание, 1993).

Downloads

Published

2023-10-30

How to Cite

The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000. (2023). Public Administration. E-Journal (Russia), 98, 138-150. https://spajournal.ru/index.php/spa/article/view/33

Issue

Section

Scientific articles

Categories

How to Cite

The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000. (2023). Public Administration. E-Journal (Russia), 98, 138-150. https://spajournal.ru/index.php/spa/article/view/33

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

Similar Articles

121-130 of 153

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Loading...